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CHAPTERIVFIGURATIVELANGUAGE
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FiguresofSpeeitionsandExamples—UseofFigures
InFigurativeLanguageweemploywordsinsuchawaythattheydiffersomewhatfromtheirnifionplacespeeveyinamorevividandimpressivemahahemintheirevery-daysense.Figuresmakespeechmoreeffective，theybeautifyandemphasizeitaarelishandpiquancyassaltdoestofood?besidestheyaddenergyaoexpressionsothatitirresistiblypelsattentioherearefourkindsoffigures，viz.:1.FiguresraphywhigethespellinguresofEtymologywhigetheformofwords?3.FiguresofSyntaxwhigethestruofsentences?4.FiguresofRhetoricortheartofspeakingandwritiivelywhigethemodeofthought.
Weshallonlysiderthelastmeheyarethemostimpivingtolarudstylewhichmakeitafittingmediumfortheinteruniofideas.
FiguresofRhetorichavebeenvariouslyclassified，someauthoritiesexteoauselessleisthatanyformofexpressionwhiveysthoughtmaybeclassifiedasaFigure.
Theprincipalfiguresaswellasthemostimportantausedare，Simile，Metaphor，Personifi，Allegory，Syoion，Hyperbole，Apostrophe，Vision，Antithesis，Climax，Epigram，IionandIrony.
&fourarefoundedonresemblahesedsixontiguityahirdfive，ontrast.
ASimile（fromtheLatinsimilis，like），isthelikenioaementoftheresemblanceofobjects，acts，orrelations?as"Inhisawfulangerhewaslikethestorm-drivenwavesdashingagainsttheroilemakestheprincipalobjeeramoreforind."Hismemoryislikewaxtoreceiveimpressionsaoretai;Thisbringsouttheleadiheman'smemoryinaveryforer.trastitwiththesimplestatement—"Hismemood."SometimesSimileisprostitutedtoalowanddegradi;Hisfacewaslikeadangersignalinafogstor""Herhairwaslikeafurze-bushinbloo""Hewastohisladyloveasapoodletoitsmistress."Suchburlesqueisneverpermissible.Merelikeshouldberemembered，doesnotstituteasimile.Forihereisnosimilewheyisparedtoanother.Iheremaybearhetoricalsimile，theobjeustbeofdifferentclasses.Avoidtheoldtritesimilessuparioalion.Suchwereplayedoutlongago.Anddon'thuntforfarfetchedsimiles.Don'tsay—"Herheadwasglowingastheglodofdaywhesinaflambeauofsplehepurple-tintedhillsoftheWest."Itismuchbettertodowithoutsuchasimileandsimplysay—"Shehadfieryredhair."
&aphreekmetapherein，tocarryoverortransfer），isawordusedtoimplyaresemblaeadoflikeoahesimilewedirectlysubstitutetheaoroperatioher.If，iousmanwesay，—"Heisasagreatpillarupholdingthechurch，"theexpressionisasimile，butifwesay—"Heisagreatpillarupholdingthechurch"itisametaphor.Themetaphorisabolderandmorelivelyfigurethanthesimile.Itismorelikeapidhehegraphietaphoriscalled&qu."Iteogivetothemostabstractideasform，dlife.eisfullofmetaphors，aeeunsciously.Forinstanwespeakofthebedofariver，theshoulderofahill，thefootofamountain，thehandsofaclock，thekeyofasituatimetaphors.
Don'tusemixedmetaphors，thatis，differeaphorsiothesamesubject:"Siwaslaunchedourprojecthasmetwithmuchopposition，butwhileitsflighthasheheightsambitiosanguineweshalldriveittosuccess."Hereinsasaship，thenbeesabirdandfinallywindsupasahorse.
PersonifitheLatinpersona，person，aomake）isthetreatingofaniasifitwereanimateandisprobablythemostbeautifulaiveofallthefigures.
"Themountainssihehillsrejoidclaptheirhands."
"Earthfeltthewound?andNaturefromherseat，Sighing，throughallherwavesig;
Personifidependsmuavividimaginationandisadaptedespeciallytopoetiposition.Ithastwodistinguishableforms:（1）wheyisascribedtotheihefexamples，and（2）wheyoflifeisattributedtotheinanimate?as，aragingstrysea?awhistlic.
AnAllegreekalloreuein，tospeak），isaformofexpressioninwhichthewordsaresymboliething.Itisverycloselyalliedtothemetaphor，infaetaphor.
&aphorahreepointsinon，—theyareallfoundedonresembla;IrelahorninthesideofEngland?"thisissimile."IrelandisathorninthesideofEngland?"thisismetaphor."iantsprangupoutoftheseaandlivedonanislandallbyhimself.Onlookingaroundhediscoveredalittlegirlonanothersmallislandnearby.Hethoughtthelittlegirlcouldbeusefultohiminmanywayssohedetermiomakehersubservienttohiswill.Heasherefusedtoobey，theoveryharshmeasureswiththelittlegirl，butshestillremaiinateandobdurate.Heuedtooppressheruntilfinallysherebelledahornioprickhimforhisevilattitudetowardsher?"thisisanallegoryinwhichthegiantplaisEnglalegirl，Irelaionismahoughiohertry.StrahemostperfectallegoryintheEnglishlatenbyanalmostiliterateandignorantman，aoo，inaduhe"Pilgrim&#ress，"Buiinker，hasgivenusbyfarthebestallegoryeverpehergoodo;TheFaerieQueen"byEdmundSpenser.
SyheGreek，sunwith，aoreceive），isafigureofspeechwhichexpresseseithermoreorlessthanitliterallydewegivetoaanamewhichliterallyexpressessomethihihahus:wespeakoftheemeanoedhepeoplewhoposetheworld:as，"Theworldtreatedhimbadly."Hereweusethewholeforapart.Butthemostofthisfigureisthatinartisusedforthewhole?as，"Ihavetwetle，""Oneofhishandswasassassi;meaningoneofhismen."Twentysailtotheharbor，"meayships."Thisisafi;meaningamarblestatue.
&reekmeta，donyma，ahedesignationofabyosaents，inotherwords，itisafigurebywhiameofoforawoaresorelatedthatthementionofonereadilysuggeststheother.Thuswhenwesayofadrunkard—"Helovesthebottle"wedohelovestheglassreceptacle，buttheliquorthatitissupposedtoetonymy，generallyspeaking，has，threesubdivisions:1.wheforcauseorviceversa:as"Grayhairsshouldberespeeani;Hewritesafinehand，"thatis，handwritihesignisputforthethingsignified?as，"Thepenismightierthanthesword，"meaningliterarypowerissuperiortomilitaryforce.3.Wheaiforthethinged?as"TheHousewascalledtoorder，"meaningthemembersintheHouse.
&ioi，aocry），isafigurebywhichthespeakeriatingafact，simplyuttersanexpressionofsurpriseoremotion.Forinstanhehearsstaleofwoeormisfortueadofsaying，—"Itisasadstory"heexclaims"Whatasadstory!"
&ionmaybedefihevocalexpressiohoughitisalsoappliedtowrittenformswhiteoexpressemotion.Thusindesgatmoue"Heavens，ieature'shandiwork!howmajestie!hoiringinitspressive;Thisfigureratherbeloryaorythantothecoldproseofevery-dayversati.
Hyperbreekhyper，beyond，ahrow），isaedformofstatementandsimplysistsihihergreaterorless，betterorworsethantheyreallyare.Itsobjeakethethoughtmoreeffectivebyit.Herearesomeexamples:—"Hewassotalhisheadtouchedtheclouds.""Hewasasthinasapoker.""Hewassolightthatabreathmighthaveblownhimaway."Mostpeopleareliabletooverworkthisfigure.Weareallmiveionandsomeofusdonotstopthere，butprowardtofalsehoodanddhtlying.
Thereshouldbealimittohyperbole，andinordinaryspeedwritingitshouldbewellqualifiedahinreasonablebounds.
AnApostrreekapo，from，aurn），isadirectaddresstotheabseotheinanimateasliving，ortotheabstractaspersonal.Thus:"O，illustriousWashington!Fatherofourtry!Couldyouvisitusnow!"
"Mytrytisofthee—SweetlaheeIsing."
"O!Grave，whereisthyVictory，O!Deathwhereisthysting!"ThisfigureisverycloselyalliedtoPersonifi.
Visioiosee）sistsihepast，thefuture，ortheremoteasifpresentintimeorplace.Itisappropriatetoaion，asitproducestheeffeidealpreseheoldwarriorlooksdownfromthedtellsustobemenworthyofoursires."
ThisfigureismuchexemplifiedihebookofRevelationisavisioure.TheauthorwhousesthefiguremostisCarlyle.
AnAntithesis（fromtheGreekanti，against，aoset）isfourast?itsistsinputtingtwouhingsinsuchapositionthateachearmbythetrast.
&quouttheinthenew，Ringoutthefalse，rirue."
"Letusbefrieenemiesinwar."
Hereisafihedesegraveasealandcrushmassesofobduratemetalbeforeit?drawout，with，athreadasfineasagossamer?andliftupashipofwarlikeabaubleiuslinandfeanchors?cutsteelintoribands，andimpelloadedvesselsagainstthefuryofwindsa;
theGreek，klimax，aladder），isahoughtsandideasinaseries，eachpartofwhichgetsstrongerandmoreimpressiveuone，whichemphasizestheforceofalltheprees."Heriskedtruth，heriskedhonor，heriskedfame，heriskedallthatmenholddear，—yea，heriskedlifeitself，andforwhat?—foracreatureorthytotiehisshoe-lathewashisbetterself."
Epigram（fromtheGreekepi，upon，aowrite），ianinsecametosignifyanypoiatementoranybriefsayingiryinwhichthereisaradi?as，"spicuousforhisabse;"Beautywheador;"Hewastoofoolishtoitfolly.""Hewassowealthythatheotsparethemo;
&ioiio，aquestion），isafigureofspeewhiassertionismadebyaskiion?as，"DoesGodnotshowjusticetoall?""Ishenhtinhiscourse?""Whatdoua;
Irreekeironcia，dissimulation）isaformofexpressioninwhichtheoppositeissubstitutedforwhatisiheehefalsityorabsurditymaybeapparent?as，"BeArnoldwasanhonorableman.""AJudasIseverbetraysafriend.""Youalenduponthewordofaliar."
Ironyisaintoridicule，derisioireandsarcasRidiculeimplieslaughtermihpt?derisionisridiapersonalfeelingofhostility?mockeryisinsultingderisioymockery?sarcasmisbittersatireandironyisdisguisedsatire.
Therearemanyuresofspeechwhichgivepiquanguageandplayuponwordsinsuchawayastoeafromtheirnifionevery-dayspeedwriting.Thegoldenruleforallistokeeptheminharmonywiththecharadpurposeofspeeposition.
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