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第一 变易观与道器观(第6页)

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魏源这种关于矛盾转化的条件分析和自我造命的思想是其辩证法中精彩的成分。

龚自珍、魏源的历史变易观对洋务派有很大影响,主要体现在“中体西用”

思潮的形成和发展。

在洋务运动时期,传统的体用观、道器观发生了重要变化,其特点是道器之间总的关系——道决定器、体支配用——不变,但给“器”

“用”

充实了新的内容,这些新的内容为后来突破传统的天道观作了准备。

在洋务时期,冯桂芬最早提出“中本西末”

观,他认为中国文化应“以中国之伦常名教为原本,辅以诸国富强之术”

[29],是为“中体西用”

之雏形。

王韬提出了“形而上者,中国也,以道胜;形而下者,西人也,以器胜”

[30],明确说明了道器之间的主次关系,指出“西学西法非不可用,但当与我相辅而行”

,因而提出在处理中西文化关系的总原则是“器则取诸西国,道则备自当躬”

[31]。

薛福成概括为一句话:“今诚取西人器数之学,以卫吾尧、舜、禹、汤、文、武、周孔之道。”

[32]后来,郑观应更明确地说:“中学体也,本也,所谓不易者圣之经也;时中用也,末也,所谓变易者圣之权也”

,“中学其本也,西学其末也,主以中学,辅以西学,知其缓急,审其变通,操纵刚柔,洞达政体,教学之效,其在兹乎”

[33]。

张之洞总结了前面诸人的“中体西用”

观,认为“中学为体,西学为用,既免迂陋无用之讥,亦杜离经叛道之弊”

[34],因而在《劝学篇》中对此作了系统的阐释,用以规范中西文化关系。

他在《劝学篇》中首先划分了旧学、新学的范围,以“四书五经、中国史事、政书、地图为旧学,西政、西艺、西史为新学”

;其次指出“今欲强中国、存中学,则不得不讲西学”

,若讲西学,“必先通经,以明我中国先圣先师立教之旨,考史以识我中国历代之治乱、九州之风土,涉猎子集,以通我中国之学术文章,然后择西学之可以补吾阙者用之,西政之学可以起吾疾者取之,斯其有益而无害”

[35]。

由此可见,“中体西用”

论中规定的道器关系、体用关系表明了传统的道器观、体用观的变化,在规定以道为本、以体为本的前提下,为器、用增加了新内容。

这一时期所增加的器、用的内容就是西方的科学技术和政治制度、西方史地。

“中体西用”

观中的道器关系的变化,在一定程度上突破了华夏文化传统的一元论,以“用”

的形式给西学在中国的传播找到了一个辅助性的角度,成为新、旧思想观念转换的契机,为后来彻底地突破传统的道器观、天道观作了思想准备。

总之,龚自珍、魏源以及洋务派继承并发挥了传统的变易观和道器论,在新的历史条件下对此作出了自己的阐释,指出了人类社会历史发展变化的必然趋势,说明了道和器、体和用之间的辩证关系,为后来洋务派的“自强”

“求富”

运动提供了思想武器,并对维新变法思想的形成产生了重要影响。

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