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四佛教文化的影响与柳崇拜的中国化(第6页)

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[19]

清代满族柳崇拜汇入后,柳文化才算逐渐趋于定型。

论者认为,北方满族柳崇拜也不免受到佛教影响,佛教以柳枝子求吉庆,将柳枝子神化,成为观音菩萨手中的法宝,《释氏要览》下有:“折柳枝,病者皆愈,毒气销亡”

的记载,满族也受到相关影响[20]。

最有代表性的是持柳祈雨习俗:

皇帝入禁城某寺行礼,帝不食肉,身悬一玉牌,上镌“斋戒”

两字,字为满汉体。

随帝之太监等亦悬此。

此盖敬肃将事也。

次日,晨兴至一厅堂,有太监一人,手持大柳枝一,跪其中,太后摘取一枝簪头上,皇后亦若是。

帝亦取一枝插冕上,太后复命太监、婢女等亦取而簪之。

各人头上,柳叶招展,状甚奇特,盖取佛教以柳枝可致雨,故宫中凡祈雨必用之。

太监总管入,跪太后前曰:“已于宫前厅堂中,备齐一切,候行礼矣。”

太后谓:“今往祈祷,必步行。”

行不数分钟,已过亭院,而达一室,室中置大方桌一,土有黄纸一方,暨一玉版,内盛银硃,以之当墨者。

复有大笔二,桌之两侧,置大瓷瓶二,亦插柳枝其中。

时各人俱静肃无哗,时太后所衣之黄缎外褂,置于桌之前,太后立取檀香置于炭盆内焚之,于是跪外褂前,皇后跪其后,祈祷辞:

敬乞上天,与其诸佛,垂怜馀辈,而赦贫农于饥谨之中。

请愿牺牲以代,而乞天降之雨也。

读祷词三次,叩首亦三次,至九扣乃已。

[21]

以柳祈雨求得水旱中和,而柳枝成为祈雨仪式必备的神物,以太后帝王之尊,尚且如此,何况民间。

而在中原汉族地区,在“辟邪”

的基本功能信奉下,吸附了特定时令节日抵御毒虫的具体信奉,这一习俗与岁时节日习俗结合起来。

白鹤所作乾隆《武乡县志》卷二《风俗》记载了折柳避蝎习俗,三月三日:“土人取柳枝遍插墙壁间,谓之驱毒蝎。”

李德滏《泾县志》卷一《风俗》写安徽泾县清明时:“插柳于门,人簪一嫩柳,谓‘辟邪’,具牲醪扫墓,以竹悬纸钱而插焉,或取青艾为饼,存禁烟寒食之意。”

而湖南永州也是:“清明节插柳于门,具酒肴登陇墓,以楮钱挂树,曰‘挂青’,《五代史》所云,寒食野祭而焚纸钱是也。”

根据这些材料,研究者注意到插柳于门和簪柳于首,是清代清明节的一个重要内容:“当时有谚:‘清明不戴柳,来生变黄狗。

’柳的用意为辟邪、明目、延寿命、红颜不老、占水旱等项。

折柳比较一致,戴柳有些差异,或男女皆戴、或妇女戴、或儿童戴,所戴柳为柳毛、柳尖、嫩柳、柳叶等。

在一些地方只插或供于神堂。”

[22]

一些汉族之外的民族亦然。

东北的朝鲜族且不必说,就像新疆地区:“回人祈雨,则以柳条系之置净水中,即雨;祈风则囊之悬马尾上,祈阴则悬之腰囊。

各有所祈之咒,莫不响应。”

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