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Chapter8Blackholesandspin-offs
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Blackholesdon'tjustsuck
IfoureyescouldobservetheskyatradiooratX-raywavelengths，wewouldseethatsomegalaxiesarestraddledbyvastballoonsorlobesofplasma.Thisplasmaschargedparticlesthatmoveatspeedsclosetothespeedoflightandradiatepowerfullyacreofwavelengths.Theplasmalobesexhibitedbysomeofthesegalaxies（examplesofactivegalaxies'）arecreatedbyjets，travellingatspeedssofastthattheyareparablewiththespeedoflight，thataresquirtedoutfromtheimmediatesurroundingsofablackhole，outsideitseventherPenroseshowediermshowextraofthespinenergyofablaitserghtbepossibleinprinciple.RogerBlandfordandRomanZnajekhaveshowlyhowtheeoredinaspinningblackholecouldactuallybetraoeledmagherebyprovidethepowertoproducetheserelativistia.Therearealsootherexplanationsforthemeismbywhichjetsarelaunnearblackholes.However，whichoftheseiscorrectisthesubjectofadexgtresearch.
&hemeism（s）turnouttobe，thesejetsarehighlyfoatedflowsejetheviityoftheblackhole，butofcourseoutsidetheeventhoriziowee，iyspasteadtheyarefilledwithaverydiffuseaermedtheiicmediuWhesimpiergalacticmedium，shockwavesformwithinwhichspectacularparticleacodtheenergizedplasmawhiatedifromheblackholebillowsupandflowsoutoftheimmediateshion.Astheplasmaexpands，itimpartsenormousquantitiesytotheiicmediuTherearemanyiheseplasmajetsextendingovermillionsoflight-years.Thusblackholeshavetremendousiylightyearsbeyohorizons.Inthischapter，Iwilldescribetheierasofblackholesonandwiththeirsurroundings.
AsdisChapter6，atthetreof（probably）mostgalaxiesisablackhole，ontowhichmatteraccretes，givioemissioromagicradiation.Suchgalaxiesarecalledactivegalaxies.Ihesegalaxies，theprocessofaisextremelyeffedtheresultingemissionofradiatioremelyluminous.Suchgalaxiesarecalledquasars（atermwhichderivesfriionasquasi-stellarradiosources'，vastlydistant，highlyluminouspointsofradioemission）.WehatquasarsarethesitesofthemostpowerfulsustainedenergyreleaseknownintheUniverse.Quasarsradiateenergyacrossalloftheeleagrum，fromlohradiowaves，throughoptical（visual）wavelengths，toX-raysaheradiolobes，mentionedabove，beespeciallydramaticbecausetheyextendacrossdistancesofoverhuhousandsoflight-years（seeFigure19）.Theenergyradiatedatradiowavelengthsarisesfromthelobes-reservoirsizedplasma，poweredbyjetsthattranspyovervastdistanspace.Highlyerons（highlyeicheremearemelyclosetothespeedoflight）experienceforcesacrosstheirdireoftravelfromtheambieicfieldsthatpervadetheplasmalobeswithinwhichtheyaretravelling.
19.Thisisaradioimageofagiantquasar，spanningoveronemillionlight-yearsi.
Thisaccausesthemtoemitphotonsofradiation（whichmayberadihlyeashthsstill，allthetoX-rays）knownassynradiation.
Togiveasehescaleofthepowerproducedbyquasars，siderthefollowiheLEDsbywhoselightIamoweroutputoftenwatts.Theyareillumiyfrommylocalpowerstationwhichproducesafewbillionwatts（abillionwattsis109wattsawatt）.TheSunoutputsabout4x1026watts，morethanahundredmillionbilliofromthispowerstatialaxy，theMilkyWay，orethanahundredbillionstars，anditspoweroutputisapproag1037watts.ButthepowerproducedbyaquasarextheGalacticpoweroutputbymorethanafaber，thispemittednotbyagalaxyofonehundredbillionstarsbutbytheprocessesgoingonaroundasingleblackhole.Suchradiationcoulddosiderabledamagetothehealthofliviureshereoh，soitisjustaswellforusthattherearenoexamplesofsuchpowerfulquasarstalaxy!
&sinquasarsarethoughttopersistforabillionyearsorless，aatesofthespeedatwhichtheseobjects'jetsgrowasofthesizetheyhavegrownoutto.Asimplerelatioweeimeaherefivesaguidetothelikelyduratioyinthequasarsthatareobservedacrosstheos.
Astheseradio-emittiheirmagicfieldsweakenasdotheinternal&#iesoftheindividualelethelobes.Thesetwoeffectsservetodimiyoftheradiationwithtimeandwithdistaheblackhole;howdramaticallythisiyfallsoffdependsonhowmanyhighlyeronsthereareparedwithhowmaiesthereare.It'sapropertyofsynradiatiohemagrengthis，themetictheeleeedtobetoproducetheradiationatthewavelengththatyourradiotelescopeistu.Thispoundsthediminishironradiationastheplasmalobesexpandintoouterspalydotheeleslyastheplasmaexpands，butbecausethemagrengthisweakening，lyeroowhatisobservedbyyourtelesd，veryoftelyfewerofthesethahelyeleyway.Asfarasradiolobesofquasarsareed，thelightsgooutreallyquiterapidly.
Theshowisn'tover，butthespeoveovertoadifferentwavebaherremarkablehappens:thelobeslightupinX-rays.Thishappensviaasgproasi.Inthepresenceofasuffitlylargemagrosynradiationandtherebyly.AnothermeismoflythatisrelevanttoourdisherehappeioronswithphotonsthatprisetheicrowaveBaB），theradiationthatisleftoverfromtheBigBangandwhitlybathestheUniverseinaicrowaveglow.Itispossibleforsueletocollidehotohatthephotonendsupwithalythanithadbeforethearonendsupwithalotlessehanithadbeforethe（energyisservedoverall，remember）.Ofpartiterestisthatwhentheeherapidlymovirooamereohousaheenergyofarest（havingpreviouslybeehousandtimeshigherthanthis）theirenergiesareperfectlymatchedsothattheywillupscattersintotheX-rayphotoioiwithalyphotontoyieldahigh-eoanalogoustothesituationihewhitecueball（imagihisisarohoheredsnookerballs（forthepurposesofthisillustrationpleaseoverlookthefactthatthisballisn'tmovingatthespeedoflight!）andtheredballgainsalyattheexpehecueball.efully）theredballendsupihepothesable，thephoton（whiallyhadawavelengthofaboutamillimetre）acquiresaboutonemilliontimesasmuergyasithadbeforethesothatitswavelengthbeillioer.
Thedrasatellite，launASAin1999，isseoX-raywavelengthsandinfadeteb-belllobesintheX-raysjustasaradiotelesdetectthesedoublestructuresatgths.Figures20and21showindoublestructuresobservedatradiowavelengthsandingreysthedoublestruX-rays.
Infactifwewereabletomonitorthelifecyeofthesequasarsthroughoutalltheseeves（analogouslytohowabiologistmightobservethelifecyclefrspaoles，totadpoleswithlittlelegs，tolittlefrogswithstumpytails，tsts）wewouldobserveathedoublestructuresbeingradiantatradiowavelengthstobeinginglydominantintheX-rayregion.Firsttheradiostructureswouldfadebeyoytheructureswouldfadebeyoy.Ofcourse，ifthejetsweretore-start，forexampleiftheblackhetmorefuel，theswouldfuelnewradio-emittingdoublelobesandtheinglobesagain.AswehaveseeninFigures20and21，insomequasarsweseeboththeradioandtheX-raydoublestructuresatthesametimebutinothers，oheure22）.InaarkablecasesweseetheX-raydoublestructuredingtoapreviousinofjetactivity，butalsosomenewradioactivity，atadifferentahediregwhichtheoppositely-directedjetsarelaunchedhasswungrouhaspreexampleofthisphenomenonisseeninFigure21.
20.Thisgiantquasarishalfamillionlight-yearsi，andhasadouble-lobestructureatbothradio（shownastourlines）andX-ray（showningreyscale）wavelengths.
&eadihejetaxisofmanyquasarsandradiogalaxiesisapoihesteadihespinofthesupermassiveblackhole，aglikeagyroscope.Whysomeofthesejetaxesshouldpreototherswillbeansediscoverwhattrolstheangularmomehelauneartheblackhole.Whetherthisisthespinaxisoftheblackholeitself，orwhetheritistheangularmomeheioftheadispoundednodoubtbytheLehirringorBardeeersosImentionedinChapters3aively，isdmoredataarerequiredtofullyelucidatetheobservedbehaviour.But，thereareallerobjectsethatmaysuggestthatthepreofjetaxesiseverythingtodowiththeadisc'sangularmomentu
21.Thedouble-lobestructureobservedinthisquasaratradiowavelengths[tours]showiactivitytobediffereedfromthatshowingatX-rayenergies[greyscale]（therelirevealedbyiofs）suggestingthatthejetaxismayhaveprecessedasthejetaxesinmicroquasarsdo.
22.ThisisanX-rayimageandshowsthedouble-lobestructurestraddlingthisgalaxywhilydetectableatX-raywavelengths.
Microquasars
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