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在科学哲学阵营,解释与理解之间的思想矛盾经历了从科学主义向历史主义的转折。
对科学解释的总结性的著述当属Wesley撰写的《科学解释40年》(FourDecadesofStifiatioyofPittsburghPress,2006)。
该著作主要回顾了科学解释研究不同历史发展时期,其中包括:1948~1957年演绎律模型(TheDeduodel)的提出和完善;1958~1967年从演绎律模型到概率模型的转换(TheDeductiveStatisticalModel和TheIicalModel);1968~1977年的概率相关模型(TheStatisticalRelevanceModel)及其对因果性的质疑;1978~1989年的概率模型与因果模型冲突及其在经验论、实在论和还原主义等哲学理念的重新思考。
[7]
从科学主义与历史主义在科学解释问题的争论中,我们不难看到:科学主义过分强调逻辑论证,而历史主义则过分强调对文化的依赖性,前者往往陷入基础主义的死胡同(如维也纳学派的“原子事实”
),后者常常陷入独断的整体主义(如库恩的“范式”
)。
科学主义过分强调科学解释的经验性,历史主义过分强调科学解释的社会历史性,前者往往走向狭隘的经验主义(如维特根斯坦的“基本命题”
),后者往往陷入无所适从的相对主义(如费耶阿本德的“方法论的无政府主义”
)。
科学主义过分强调科学解释的“语言学问题”
(如卡尔纳普的“逻辑句法”
),而历史主义往往过分强调科学解释的“语用学维度”
(如蒯因的“本体论承诺”
),前者往往陷入形式主义,后者往往陷入“语境主义”
。
[1]亨普尔重要著述如下:C.G.Hempel:AspectsofStifiationandotherEssaysinthePhilosophyofSewYork,FreePress,1965;C.G.Hempel:PhilosophyofNaturalSglewood.J.,Prentice-Hall,1966.
[2]HempelandOppeudiesintheLogicofExplanation,”
publishedihejournalPhilosophyofSce,gaveanatofthededuologiatioifiationofafactisadeduofastatemeheexplanandum)thatdescribesthefattoexplain;thepremises(calledtheexplaifidsuitableinitials.Foraioable,theexplanarue.Agtothededuodel,theexplanationofafactisthusreducedtoalogicalrelatioatements:theexplanandumisaceoftheexplanans.Thisisaethodinthephilosophyoflogi.Pragmaticaspectsofexplaakenintosideratioureisthataioificlaws;factsareexplaiheyaresubsumedunderlaws.Sothequestiohenatureofastificlaw.AgtoHempelandOppenheim,afuheoryisdefiruestatemeifiersarenotremovable(thatis,afuheoryistoastatementwithoutquantifiers),andwhiotdividualts.Everygeementwhichisalogisequenceofafuheoryisaderivedtheory.Theunderlyihisdefinitionisthatastifictheorydealswithgeneralpropertiesexpressedbyuemeospecificspace-timeregionsortoindividualthiallowed.Forexample,on’slawsaretrueforallbodiesiimeandineveryspace.Buttherearelaws(e.g.,theihatarevaliduedsaospecificobjects,liketheSunanditsplahereisadistiweenafuheory,whiiversalwithoutrestridaderivedtheorythattaioindividualobjeotethatitisrequiredthattheoriesaretrue;implicitly,thismeansthatstificlawsarenottoolstomakepredis,buttheyaregeementsthatdescribetheworld—arealistitofview.Thereisariguingcharacteristipel-Oppenheimmodel,whichisthatexplanatioiohesamelogicalstruexplanatiooforedaforecastisavalidexplanation.Fiive-nomologicalmodelatsalsofortheexplanationoflaws;inthatcase,theexplanandumisastifidbeprovedwiththehelpofotherstificlaectsofStifiation,publishedin1965,facestheproblemofiion,inwhichtheexplanaicallaws.AgtoHempel,insudofexplanationtheexplanansgiveonlyahighdegreeofprobabilitytotheexplanandum,whiotalogisequehepremises.Thefollowingisaverysimpleexample.TherelativefrequencyofPwithrespecttoQisTheobjegstoPThus,abelongstoQThe“abelongstoQ”
isain,foritisnotalogisequewopremises.AgtoHempel,thisexplanationgivesadegreeofprobabilityrtothe.heiionrequiresaglalainedbymeaificlaws.Butnowthelawsareic;statisticallawsareadmissible.However,iheiionissimilartothedeductiveexplanatioiveandiiies(thatis,theyrequireuniversallaws).Therelevantfactisthelogicalrelatioweenexplanansandexplanandum:iiveexplanatioerisalogisequeheformer,whereasiniioionshipisaniihermodel,onlylogicalaspectsarerelevant;pragmaticfeaturesarenottakeninat.Thesymmetrybetweeioioheexplanarue.
[3]C.G.Hempel:AspectsofStifiationandotherEssaysinthePhilosophyofSewYork,FreePress,1965:247-248.
[4]〔美〕亨普尔:《自然科学的哲学》,张华夏等译,北京,生活·读书·新知三联书店,1987,第95页。
[5]〔德〕亨普尔:《普遍规律在历史中的作用》,《哲学译丛》1987年第4期。
[6]〔美〕T.S.库恩:《必要的张力》,纪树立等译,福州,福建人民出版社,1981,第30页。
[7]该书主要内容包括:Introdu;0.1ABitofBad;0.2TheReceivedView。
1.Thefirstdecade(1948-1957),PeatheValleybutSomeTroubleihills:1.1ThefouheDeduodel;1.2ExplanationinHistoryaory;1.3TeleologyandFuion.2.TheSedDecade(1958-1967),MainyExpansionandflict:2.1AMajorSourflict;2.2DeeperLinguistiges;2.3FamousplestotheDeduodel;2.4Statistiation(2.41TheDeductiveStatisticalModel;2.42TheIicalModel);2.5EarlyObjestotheIicalModel.3.TheThirdDecade(1968-1977),DeepeningDiffereheStatisticalRelevanceModel;3.2Problemsecificity;3.3CoffasDispositionalTheoryofIioionandEvideionsofLalanatiuments?3.7ThegeofCausality;3.8TeleologidFuion;3.9TheEheEheFourthDecade(1978-1987),ATimeofMaturatioiatioivevsExplanatoryKhePragmaticsofExplanation;4.5EmpiridRealism;4.6Railtoiistit;4.7StatisticalvsCausalRelevance;4.8ProbabilisticCausality;4.9Deductivism;4.10ExplanationsofLawsAgain;4.11AFualPrincipleged.Peacefulce?5.1AgendafortheFifthDecade;5.2ologicalBibliography.
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